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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is used to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a significant difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling type is the most popular type of torque converter used in car transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or likewise called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs utilized for constantly changeable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is a kind that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an element referred to as a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics all through occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating components inside a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the term stator starts from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Adjustments to the basic three element design have been integrated at times. These adjustments have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. Usually, these alterations have taken the form of multiple stators and turbines. Each set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples include the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various automobile converters include a lock-up clutch to lessen heat and to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, though it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
